内積の成分表示

内積の成分表示 

■導出計算

(余弦定理を用いた導出はこちらへ)

●平面ベクトル場合

a → を基本ベクトル表示で表すと

a → = a 1 e → 1 + a 2 e → 2

となる.同様に b → を基本ベクトル表示で表すと

b → = b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2

となる.

内積計算の基本式を用いると

a → ⋅ b → = ( a 1 e → 1 + a 2 e → 2 ) ⋅ b →

= ( a 1 e → 1 ) ⋅ b → + ( a 2 e → 2 ) ⋅ b → (分配法則より)

= a 1 ( e → 1 ⋅ b → ) + a 2 ( e → 2 ⋅ b → ) (定数倍の性質より)

= a 1 { e → 1 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 ) } + a 2 { e → 2 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 ) }

= a 1 { e → 1 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 ) + e → 1 ⋅ ( b 2 e → 2 ) } + a 2 { e → 2 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 ) + e → 2 ⋅ ( b 2 e → 2 ) } (分配法則より)

= a 1 { b 1 ( e → 1 ⋅ e → 1 ) + b 2 ( e → 1 ⋅ e → 2 ) } + a 2 { b 1 ( e → 2 ⋅ e → 1 ) + b 2 ( e → 2 ⋅ e → 2 ) }

= a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 (基本ベクトルの内積の計算より)

 

●空間ベクトルの場合

a → を基本ベクトル表示で表すと

a → = a 1 e → 1 + a 2 e → 2 + a 3 e → 3

となる.同様に b → を基本ベクトル表示で表すと

b → = b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 + b 3 e → 3

となる.

内積計算の基本式を用いると

a → ⋅ b → = ( a 1 e → 1 + a 2 e → 2 + a 3 e → 3 ) ⋅ b →

= ( a 1 e → 1 ) ⋅ b → + ( a 2 e → 2 ) ⋅ b → + ( a 3 e → 3 ) ⋅ b → (結合法則より)

= a 1 ( e → 1 ⋅ b → ) + a 2 ( e → 2 ⋅ b → ) + a 3 ( e → 3 ⋅ b → ) (定数倍の性質より)

= a 1 { e → 1 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 + b 3 e → 3 ) } + a 2 { e → 2 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 + b 3 e → 3 ) } + a 3 { e → 3 ⋅ ( b 1 e → 1 + b 2 e → 2 + b 3 e → 3 ) } (結合法則より)

= a 1 { b 1 ( e → 1 ⋅ e → 1 ) + b 2 ( e → 1 ⋅ e → 2 ) + b 3 ( e → 1 ⋅ e → 3 ) } + a 2 { b 1 ( e → 2 ⋅ e → 1 ) + b 2 ( e → 2 ⋅ e → 2 ) + b 3 ( e → 2 ⋅ e → 3 ) } + a 3 { b 1 ( e → 3 ⋅ e → 1 ) + b 2 ( e → 3 ⋅ e → 2 ) + b 3 ( e → 3 ⋅ e → 3 ) }

= a 1 b 1 + a 2 b 2 + a 3 b 3 (基本ベクトルの内積の計算より)

 

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最終更新日 2026年4月15日